Valence Shell and Valence Electrons
Valence Shell and Valence Electrons
Valency: The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are known as the valence electrons. They govern the chemical properties of atoms. The atoms of elements having completely filled outermost shell which has eight electrons (said to possess an octet) show little chemical activity, i.e. they are highly stable. Such elements are called inert elements. It means, their valency is zero.
Of these inert elements, the helium atom has two electrons in its outermost shell and all other elements have atoms with eight electrons in the outermost shell. The tendency to react with atoms of the same or different elements to form molecules is an attempt to attain fully-filled outermost shell. It means, atoms react with other atoms in order to attain fully-filled outermost shell. An outermost shell, which had eight electrons, is called an octet.
Atoms would thus react, so as to achieve an octet in the outermost shell. This was done by sharing, gaining or the loss of electrons. The number of electrons lost or gained or shared by an atom to become stable or to achieve an octet in the outermost shell is known as valency of that element. In other words, it is the combining capacity of the atom of an element with the atom(s) of other element(s) in order to complete its octet. The valencies of elements of some groups are described below:
1. atoms contain one electron each in their outermost shell, therefore, each one of them can lose one electron to become stable and form cations like
. Hence, their valency is 1.
2. The valency of each of is 2 because all of these have 2 valence electrons and they can lose these 2 electrons to make cations like
.They lose electrons to form octet of electrons in the outermost shell or to become stable.
3. The valency of is 3 because each has 3 valence electrons.They can lose electrons to become stable and can form cations like
.
4. The valency of is 4 because each has 4 valence electrons. These atoms can lose or gain 4 electrons to form either a cation or an anion. Eg:
. Carbon usually form covalent bonds by sharing of electrons.
5. each has 5 valence electrons, so their valency is 3 because they can gain 3 electrons (instead of losing five electrons) to become stable. Hence, their valency is determined by subtracting five electrons from the octet i.e. 8-5 = 3. However, P can also share 5 electrons; hence it shows a valency of 5 alongwith 3. It results in formation of
(nitride),
(nitrogen),
(phosphorus) and
(phosphide).
6. and
each has 6 valence electrons, therefore, their valency is 2 because they can gain 2 electrons or share 2 electrons to complete their octet.Eg:
7. Similarly, each has 7 valence electrons, their valency is 1 because they can gain 1 electron or share 1 electron to complete their octet. Eg:
8. All the inert elements, i.e. etc., have completely filled outermost shells. Therefore, their valency is zero.
Note: For metals, generally valency = Number of valence electrons, for non-metals, valency = 8- number of valence electrons.
Which of the following statement / statements are correct : (a) F and Cl each has 7 valence electrons, their valency is 1 because they can gain 1 electron or share 1 electron to complete their octet. (b) All the inert elements have completely filled outermost shells. Therefore, their valency is zero. (c) Hydrogen atoms contain one electron each in their outermost shell.
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| Right Option : D | |||
| View Explanation | |||
The number of positively- charged particles in the elements A,B,C are 10,18, 8, respectively. Identify the element which is chemically reactive? | |||
| Right Option : C | |||
| View Explanation | |||
Which of the following statement / statements are correct : (a) The outermost electron in hydrogen is 1. (b) The outermost electron in carbon is 4. | |||
| Right Option : C | |||
| View Explanation | |||
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